Memories of my visit 11 years ago started flashing back quickly. Grey, lots of grey. A dull curtain of haze hung in the air and there were many grey buildings. People wore plain, dark and not so attractive clothes. There were bicycles everywhere. When traffic lights turned green at road junctions, huge waves of them would surge forward. Mechanical engine vehicles blew their horns to tear the way through seas of bicycles on the streets. Noise and what seems serious air pollution to me was what I could recall of Chengdu, the populous capital city of Sichuan Province in western China.
Under their icon leader - the late Deng Xiao Peng, the communist government ‘opened up’ to the rest of the world in the 1980s’. I first visited China in the spring of 1994 at a time when it was still struggling to shake off the lingering effects of past political turmoil during the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) and prop itself up from economic slump. Sufferings of a poor society were seen across the country as I travelled through east to west, central and southern China stopping at 5 major cities and cruised along the mighty Yangtze River from Chongqing to Wuhan. Like many others, I joined the race to beat the anticipated spectre of diminished beauty in its awesome scenery, erasure of history and loss of cultures that flourished along the river banks for millenniums. The construction of the ‘Three Gorges Dam’ was scheduled to start soon and many areas would be submerged under water upon its completion.
I was with a group of fellow Malaysian Chinese, mainly of senior ages who would closely relate themselves to their roots in China. They reminisced and exchanged episodes of sufferings endured by their migrating parents in search of better living conditions in the then British controlled Malaya. They were thankful and yet sad to note that the benefits of such struggles were only to be enjoyed by later generations.
I belong to the 3rd generation, born a year after the then Malaya became independent from British rule. I was in my early 30’s and very fortunate indeed to join this group of seniors shortly after travel restrictions to communist China were abolished. Malaysian citizens of Chinese origin were not allowed to visit China until they reach the age of 50 and their sole reason for travel had only to be visiting close relatives. Those security rules became irrelevant when threats of communist insurgency in Malaysia ended in the 1980s’.
As I step foot again onto modern Chengdu, I was confronted with a huge contrast. This time, it was the 1st stop for an onward journey across expansive Sichuan Province to the snow capped mountains of the Minshan Range in search of the valleys of Huanglong or Yellow Dragon’ and Juizhaigou or ‘Fairyland’. The airport looked new and well equipped to deal with massive traffic flow unlike the chaos that besieged us in 1994. Skyscrapers of contemporary architecture filled the city and people clothed in beautiful trendy attire. Most significantly, the streets lacked human powered machines - the bicycles ! Many of them were gone but the haze was still on - perhaps worse.
This time, I was with friends of my generation. We marvelled at the ‘break neck’ speed at which China was developing economically and socially rather than dwell in sentiments regarding our roots or ancestors. Was China trying to catch up with other parts of the world or its own past? There were glorious periods in its history when technological developments were well ahead of others - notably, a sophisticated civilization reached its zenith during the Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD).
Our local tour guide spoke relatively comprehensible English (I have come across a few who don’t). She insisted that the grey curtain hanging over the city was ‘fog’ trapped in the Sichuan basin where Chengdu lies surrounded by mountains. ‘There are not many days when we get to see the sun clearly but this is not pollution.’ I thought that sounded familiar – perhaps my tour guide a decade ago said the same but it didn’t register because I wasn’t too convinced.
Within the 1st hour of our arrival, we were herded to Wangjianglou Park or ‘River Viewing Pagoda’ Park which also included a wonderful bamboo garden with more than a 100 species. The pagoda with 4 hexagonal roofs of colourful glazed tiles and upturned eaves at each of its level was built during the Qing Dynasty (1164-1911). It overlooked the Min or Jin or Brocade River. I was now able to appreciate its entire beauty of ancient exquisite architecture, surrounding views along the river banks and modern city skyline. During my 1st visit, it was all wrapped up in ugly bamboo scaffoldings - just like many of the other historical buildings under restoration at that time.
The Min River was the source of early civilizations, propelling the Sichuan basin into prosperous ‘country’ which became known as the ‘Kingdom of Heaven’. Tremendous credit goes to one ingenious man named Li Bing. In 256 BC, this
local county governor built the most technologically advance dam of its time. He was able to divide and redirect appropriate volumes of water to irrigate the fields and prevent floods at relevant seasons of the year. The Dujiang dam with reinforcements and enhancements today still serve those purposes and has been included for protection under UNESCO’s World Heritage List.
‘Brocade’ was another name for the river because it supported the production of superior quality silk brocades during ancient times. It had also inspired many literally personalities like the remarkable female poet, Xue Tao of the Tang Dynasty - most women at that time were denied of formal education, let alone earn a living as a poet ! The site of her former home is located in the wonderful bamboo garden and the ‘River Viewing Pagoda’ was built in her memory.
The 1st officially run school of China was established in Chengdu during the early part of the Han Dynasty (206-220 BC). Throughout ancient times, it was home and visiting residences to famous scholars and outstanding personalities like Sima Xiangru, the founder of Han prose and Tang dynasty poets Li Bai and Du Fu. It was also the place where block printing technique was invented. Music, dance and opera flourished and its unique tea culture gained popularity throughout
the country during the Qing Dynasty.
The great epic ‘Romance of the Three Kingdoms’ is almost synonymous to Chinese culture in many parts of Asia today. It immortalizes the ‘Three Kingdoms Period’ (220-265 AD) and its war heroes - Emperor Liu Bei of Shu Kingdom (modern day Sichuan Province), his two sworn brothers and brilliant prime minister cum military strategist, Zhuge Liang. They are now worshiped as ‘gods’ by some, figuratively and literally - in temples, homes and offices.
I visited almost all the same places during both trips in 1994 and 2005. I photographed giant pandas, the natives of Sichuan (inside a zoo) during the 1st but missed the tea houses, hot pots and operas. So I tried all 3 in the 2nd but enjoyed only the last. It was a colourful extravaganza based on an excerpt of the ‘Romance of the Three Kingdoms’ combined with the famous ‘changing face’ act unique to Sichuan and a well guarded secret. Performers switched colourful masks depicting legendary figures instantly without using their hands leaving audiences gasping in wonder.
Our guide told us that Chengdu is the ‘slowest… and most leisurely…’ city in the whole of China. ‘Watch how people walk here – slowly. Observe how many teahouses along the streets – countless. And, people just love their music, operas, chess and even ‘mahjong’ – Sichuan version.’
Chengdu was the place with a great wealth of historical achievements and cultural pursuits which quickly revived after the Cultural Revolution. I heard many sad stories of intellectual persecutions and destruction of cultural relics and literally works from tour guides who accompanied us in places across the country during the 1st trip. They would relate this part of their history with much emotion. The Chinese soul was badly damaged and I suspected that wounds have not healed then. People were still trying to get to terms with it.
As a Malaysian of Chinese descent, home has always been Malaysia. I have little emotional attachment to the country where I owe my roots to. But, I do feel sentimental about the country where my fore parents came from. Due to their courage and sacrifice, I was lucky to escape poverty and hardship and it was certainly sad to know that many others suffered for decades.
My return trip was like a happy ending. There was hardly any mention of the Cultural Revolution and a lot more happy faces. Perhaps, what was gone was
intended to be forgotten. Maybe, the hearts that were broken like the historical monuments have been repaired and restored to as best as was possible. Whatever the reasons that might have been, I believe the Chinese people and nation have since moved forward and I wish them well. |